Physical properties of textile fibers?

Fiber length

In physical properties the most important is the fiber length on which the quality of yarns depends. For cotton if fiber length increases the quality of yarns will be good, but this is just opposite for wool. In jute the fiber length is too long that sometimes the fibers are cut into small pieces.

If the fiber length is too small it is difficult to produce yarn. Yarn is impossible if the fiber length is less than 0.5 inch. Thin fibers produce thin yarn and coarse yarn is produced from coarse fibers.

There are two types of fiber on the basis of length:

1. Continuous filament

2. Staple fiber

Continuous filament

Thermal properties of textile fibers?

Amorphousness

Amorphousness orientation of polymers within the polymer system of any fiber is called the amorphous region. In other word, if a substance exposed to X-rays and diffuse and broad patterns X-ray diffraction called amorphous substance and the property is called amorphousness. In amorphous regions, the polymers are oriented or aligned at random.

 Crystallinity

If a substance is exposed to X-rays, give sharp and well defined X-ray diffraction patterns is called crystalline substance and the property is called Crystallinity. Crystalline orientation of polymers within the polymer system of any fiber is called the crystalline region. In crystalline regions the polymers are oriented or aligned longitudinally into more or less parallel order. It is in the crystalline areas that hydrogen bonding and Vander-Walls forces occur.

Mechanical properties of Textile fibers?

A.  Tensile properties

Tensile properties indicate how a material will react to the forces being applied in Tension. Some tensile properties are given below -

Tenacity

Tenacity is the maximum strength to break a fiber.

Breaking extension

It is expressed in percentage. It is the ratio of elongation at break to the initial length and multiple of hundred.

What are the objects of blending in spinning?

(a) Blending influences the reduction of the cost of the final product through blend composition, availability of fibres quality & inherent fibre property variations.

(b)  It helps to improve processing performance of the following process–

 

(i) Carding : Blending influences the processing performance of carding through  control  of  nep  level  variation,  waste  level  variation,  fly,  roving  twist variation, m/c adjustment, static electricity formation.

Chemical properties of textile fibers?

Acid and Alkali

Acid or alkali is harmful for cellulose and protein fibers. Therefore, the effect of acid and alkali must be known during bleaching, dyeing and finishing. Different fibers react differently with acid and alkali. For example, Cotton and Linen damaged when they are subjected to conc. Hydrochloric, Sulphuric and Nitric acids. Also dilute solution of those acids can make harm to the fibers. On the other hand, conc. alkaline solution is not harmful to Cotton and Linen. Wool is not affected by dilute solution of acid. But conc. acid and alkali damage wool easily. So acid or alkali must be chosen properly to use in different purpose and processing.
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What is Mercerized Cotton?

Mercerized cotton is a special kind of cotton yarn that is more lustrous than conventional cotton. It is also stronger, takes dye a little more readily, makes the yarn more resistant to mildew and reduces lint. It also may not shrink or lose its shape as much as "regular" cotton.

Mercerisation is a treatment for cellulosic material, typically cotton threads, that strengthens them and gives them a lustrous appearance. The process is less frequently used for linen and hemp threads.

Mercerization, the process by which mercerized yarn is made, is named for the British chemist John Mercer, who developed the process and received a patent for his work in 1851.

Mercer found that adding caustic soda (lye) or sulfuric acid to cotton made the fiber swell and straighten. No one was too impressed by that, but in 1890 Horace Lowe developed a process by which 

Basic requirements for good quality sewing thread?

Good tensile strength

Good tensile strength holds the stitched seam securely during wash and wear.

Smooth surface and absence of faults

Smooth surface and absence of faults ensures less friction between the needle and the material during high-speed sewing. The thread must be well lubricated to increase its sew ability and resistance to abrasion.

Classification of Sewing thread ?

Thread classification:

Thread can be classified in different ways. Some common classifications are those based on:

1. Substrate

2. Construction

3. Finish

1. Classification based on substrate

Natural

The usage of thread made from natural substrates is now minimal in industry applications. However, the most commonly used natural thread is cotton thread.

Synthetic

Due to the limitations of natural fibres, thread users have turned to threads made from synthetic fibres as they have desirable properties of exceptionally high tenacity, high resistance to abrasion and good resistance to chemicals. They are also not significantly affected by moisture, rot, mildew, insects or bacteria.

Fabric GSM wise required yarn count?

Yarn Count:

The yarn count is numerical expressions which define its coarseness or fineness

Fabric GSM:

‘GSM’ means ‘Gram per square meter’ that is the weight of fabric in gram per one square meter.

There are given various fabrics GSM and their required yarn count: 

For Single Jersey Fabric

Yarn Count	GSM (With Out Lycra)	GSM (With Lycra)
40/S	100-120	140-150
34/S	130-140	170-180
30/S	140-150	180-200
28/S	150-160	200-210
26/S	160-170	220-230
24/S	170-180	230-240
22/S	190-200	250-260
20/S	200-220	270-280

What is Fiber & Textile fiber? Classification of Fibers?

What is Fiber?

Fiber is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to their length.

What is Textile fiber?

All fiber is not textile fiber. The term “textile fiber” means a unit of matter which is capable of being spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by bonding or by interlacing in a variety of methods

including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, twisting, or webbing, and which is the basic structural element of textile products.

Many fibrous materials are not suitable to make into fabrics, e.g., corn silk or wood slivers. T

Fiber Identification System

Microscopic Identification

Examination of longitudinal and cross-sectional views of a fiber at 100 to 500  agnifications gives detailed information with regard to the surface morphology of the fiber. Positive
identification of many natural fibers is possible using the microscope, but positive identification of man-made fibers is more difficult due to their similarity in appearance and due to the fact that spinning techniques and spinneret shape can ~adically alter the gross morphological structure of the fiber.

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Why is yarn preparation necessary? | Mention the quality or essential feature of a good yarn?

Yarn preparation:

The yarn which is collected from spinning section cannot be used in loom directly. Before using it in loom, it is processed by many ways. These all ways are called yarn preparation.

Reason for yarn preparation or necessary:

1.         To wind yarn uniformly on to a suitable package.

2.        To improve weaving efficiency.

3.         To improve or maintain higher quality of fabric.

4.        To clean the yarn for better appearance and performance.

5.         To remove yarn fault.

6.        To store the yarn.

Definition of Filament yarns? | Manufacture of filament yarns

A filament yarn is made from one or more continuous strands called filaments where each component filament runs the whole length of the yarn. Those yarns composed of one filament are called monofilament yarns, and those containing more filaments are known as multifilament yarns. For apparel applications, a multifilament yarn may contain as few as two or three filaments or as many as 50 filaments. In carpeting, for example, a filament yarn could consist of hundreds of filaments. Most manufactured fibers have been produced in the form of a filament yarn. Silk is the only major natural filament yarn.

Classification Of Filament Yarn:

According to the shape of the filaments in the yarn, filament yarns are classified into two types, flat and bulk.

Different types of yarn counting system?

There are many types of count which are classified under direct and indirect system. Various types of count in direct and indirect system are as following:

Direct system

Tex: Count in the Tex system is the weight in grams of 1000m or 1km of yarn. From an example we will understand it easily.

If the weight of 3000meters yarn is 2.5grams, then what will be the count in Tex for the yarn?

We know that Tex is calculated in direct system. For direct system, Count, N = (W×l)/L

Where,

N = The yarn number or count.

W = The weight of the sample = 2.5gm

L = The length of the sample = 3000m

w = The unit of weight of the system = 1gm

l = The unit of length of the system = 1000m

What is Yarn count | Types of Yarn counting system?

Yarn Count

Yarn count is a term used to express the thickness of  yarn. In spinning process, there is a relation between the weight of the original fibres and the length of yarn. This relation is indicated as thickness. Thickness of yarn is determined by the extent of drawing process (varying draft) and designated by number. The number is called count.

So, when we say what is yarn count? The answer will be, yarn count is the weight per unit length or length per unit weight which expresses the fineness or coarseness of yarn.

According to Textile Institute, “Count, a number indicating the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.

Types of count system

Basically, two types of yarn counting system:

1. Direct system
2. Indirect system.

Amount of Twist | Importance of Twist

Amount of twist

The amount of twist means the number of turns in unit length in a twisted yarn. If “n” be the number of turns in “L” length of yarn, then amount of twist will be n/L. Amount of twist is expressed in –

• Twist per inch (TPI)
• Twist per meter (TPM)
• Twist per centemeter (T.P.C.m) 

Here, twist per inch means the number of turns in unit inch and in the same way twist per meter and twist per centimeter is the number of turns in unit meter & unit centimeter. TPI of a yarn is 40 means the number of turns in 1 inch length of yarn is 40.

Yarn Twist | Types Of Yarn Twist & Direction Of Yarn Twist

Yarn Twist

According to Morton, “When a strand is twisted the component fibres tend to take on a spiral formation, the geometric perfection of which depends on their original formation.”

According to Skinkle, “Twist is the measure of the spiral turns given to a yarn in order to held the constituent fibres or threads or threads together.”

According to WIRA, “Twist may be defined as the rotation about the yarn  axis of any line drawn on the yarn which was originally i.e. before twisting parallel to the yarn axis”.

According to Textile Institute, “Twist is the spiral disposition of the components of a thread which is usually the result of relative rotation of the two ends”.

Types of yarns on the basis of Structure

Another classification of yarn can be obtained on the basis of structure and this classification is easier way to understand and define many types of textile yarns. Here the classification is given below :-

1. Single yarn.

  

(i) Continuous filament.

      (a) Mono-filament.

      (b) Multi-filament.

  

(ii) Staple yarn or spun yarn.

            (a)  Homogenous.

            (b)  Blended.

(iii) Modified continuous filament.

Types of yarns on the basis of Structure

Another classification of yarn can be obtained on the basis of structure and this classification is easier way to understand and define many types of textile yarns. Here the classification is given below :-

1. Single yarn.

  

(i) Continuous filament.

      (a) Mono-filament.

      (b) Multi-filament.

  

(ii) Staple yarn or spun yarn.

            (a)  Homogenous.

            (b)  Blended.

(iii) Modified continuous filament.
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What is Yarn | Types of Yarn?

Yarn

Generally yarn is a continuous strand which is made up of filament, fibers or materials where the materials are suitable for knitting, weaving, otherwise forming a textile fabric.

Yarn is an assembly of fibres that are twisted together to form a continuous strand. Yarns may be made from either staple fibers or filament fibers. Staple fibers are twisted into yarns; filament fibres need little or no twist to hold them together into yarns. The type & length of fibre, the type, ply & size of yarns & the amount of twist given to yarns determine many of the characteristics of fabrics made from the yarns. All fabrics except plastics & non-wovens depend upon the use of yarns. For example, fabrics constructed of spun yarns are less smooth than fabrics constructed of filament yarns. They also have a lower luster cord or rib fabrics contain ply or larger yarns in the rib direction.