Some Impotent Trams About Water Which Is Used In Textile Wet Processing?

##Why water is called universal solvent?

Water is called universal solvent, because the solvency power of water is very high & most of the solute of this world is easily dissolved in the water.

##What do you mean by water hardness?

Hardness is a term applied to water denoting a measurement of its pH & metal salt content. The presence of Ca & Mg salt i.e. Bi-Carbonates, Sulfates, Chlorides in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Ca & Mg react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.

Define water? Classification of water ?

Water:

Water is a complex compound. It is very important compound in textile wet processing. The total amount of water in the world is about 75%. Natural water is obtained in 3 steps. They are solid, liquid & vapor. Water has a un-comparable power to dissolve other compound. It is very difficult to obtain pure water in nature. Water is consists of two part Hydrogen & one part Oxygen. Its chemical formula is H2O. Water is converted to ice at 0°C & converted to vapor at 100°C the concentration of water is highest at 4°C.

 

Classification of water:

Classify water on the basis of hardness:

What is Difference between Fashion and Style?

Fashion and Style are two common terms which are now vastly used by the young generation, though they are totally confused about it, cannot differentiate between fashion and style. Just not this young generation, there are so many who still don’t know the difference between fashion and style. “Fashion is about dressing according to what’s fashionable. Style is more about being yourself” said by Oscar de la Renta.

What is Fashion?

Fashion is a very versatile matter and trendy right now, which is being featured in magazines, on TV and on the fashion runways. In another view, Fashion is also the newest creations made by designers, which are brought by only a few numbers of people. Fashion can be anything such like clothes, shoes, make-up and accessories etc which is being made popular

Objects & Advantages of Garments Washing

Objects of garments washing:

• To develop softness in garments: Size materials applied during manufacturing present in the fabric are removed which enhances soft hand feel. Additional softness may be attained by using softener.
• To introduce fading effect: Dyes or pigments are present in the fabric, used during coloration, are washed out locally or partially which result fading or worn out effects in the garments.
• To create new fashion: Washing Process of garments bring different outlook (faded, color tinted etc) thus creating new fashion for the new generation especially for teenagers.

Physical properties of textile fibers?

Fiber length

In physical properties the most important is the fiber length on which the quality of yarns depends. For cotton if fiber length increases the quality of yarns will be good, but this is just opposite for wool. In jute the fiber length is too long that sometimes the fibers are cut into small pieces.

If the fiber length is too small it is difficult to produce yarn. Yarn is impossible if the fiber length is less than 0.5 inch. Thin fibers produce thin yarn and coarse yarn is produced from coarse fibers.

There are two types of fiber on the basis of length:

1. Continuous filament

2. Staple fiber

Continuous filament

Thermal properties of textile fibers?

Amorphousness

Amorphousness orientation of polymers within the polymer system of any fiber is called the amorphous region. In other word, if a substance exposed to X-rays and diffuse and broad patterns X-ray diffraction called amorphous substance and the property is called amorphousness. In amorphous regions, the polymers are oriented or aligned at random.

 Crystallinity

If a substance is exposed to X-rays, give sharp and well defined X-ray diffraction patterns is called crystalline substance and the property is called Crystallinity. Crystalline orientation of polymers within the polymer system of any fiber is called the crystalline region. In crystalline regions the polymers are oriented or aligned longitudinally into more or less parallel order. It is in the crystalline areas that hydrogen bonding and Vander-Walls forces occur.

Mechanical properties of Textile fibers?

A.  Tensile properties

Tensile properties indicate how a material will react to the forces being applied in Tension. Some tensile properties are given below -

Tenacity

Tenacity is the maximum strength to break a fiber.

Breaking extension

It is expressed in percentage. It is the ratio of elongation at break to the initial length and multiple of hundred.

What are the objects of blending in spinning?

(a) Blending influences the reduction of the cost of the final product through blend composition, availability of fibres quality & inherent fibre property variations.

(b)  It helps to improve processing performance of the following process–

 

(i) Carding : Blending influences the processing performance of carding through  control  of  nep  level  variation,  waste  level  variation,  fly,  roving  twist variation, m/c adjustment, static electricity formation.

Chemical properties of textile fibers?

Acid and Alkali

Acid or alkali is harmful for cellulose and protein fibers. Therefore, the effect of acid and alkali must be known during bleaching, dyeing and finishing. Different fibers react differently with acid and alkali. For example, Cotton and Linen damaged when they are subjected to conc. Hydrochloric, Sulphuric and Nitric acids. Also dilute solution of those acids can make harm to the fibers. On the other hand, conc. alkaline solution is not harmful to Cotton and Linen. Wool is not affected by dilute solution of acid. But conc. acid and alkali damage wool easily. So acid or alkali must be chosen properly to use in different purpose and processing.
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Garments Labels | Different types of Label which are used in garment industry

Garments Labels:

Garments labels are sewn or printed in garments and contain, country of origin, manufacturer identification number, care instruction, and voluntary information identifying size and brand. Garments labels should be affixed and legible for the useful life of the apparel item. Garment labels are selected based on location of label (interior or exterior application); type and design of the garments; contact with the wearer’s skin; intricacy or simplicity of the label content (logo, graphic art, word, and so on); garment fabric, brand, quality, and price point; and information to be disclosed.

Label types:

Garments labels are created by manufacturers from both mature and synthetic fibers and can be woven or printed. Woven labels are more durable and maintain their appearance and legibility longer than printed labels after repeated laundering or dry-cleaning. Materials used for sew- in labels include acetate, cotton, bamboo, polyester, leather, suede, PVC, silicon, or rubber.

How to Calculate Garments Cost of Manufacturing (CM) | Knit Garments CM Calculation Formula

CM is the abbreviation for Cost of Manufacturing. In apparel industry CM means Manufacturing Cost of 12 pcs garments. To calculate Manufacturing Cost of 12 pcs knit garments of a specific order we must know-

1. Monthly expenditure of the factory,

2. Total running machine,

3. Machine qty to execute the layout of the specific order,

4. Daily (8 hour/day) productivity of the said order (excluding alter and reject) and

5. Dollar conversion rate (if monthly expenditure amount is other than US Dollar)

Suppose,

-Monthly Factory Expenditure is BD Taka 40,00,000
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What Is BOTTLENECK In Garments Production Line? How To Find Out & Reducing BOTTLENECK?

What Is BOTTLENECK In Garments Production Line? How To Find Out & Reducing BOTTLENECK?

Writing By,

Nurul Amin Jibon

IE Executive (Mohammadi Group)

B.Sc In Textile Engineer

Primeasia University. Batch: 091

Phone No : 01687-201045

Bottleneck

The upper narrow portion of a bottle is called neck (opening side) that is an obstruction to go to the way from large portion of bottle through narrow portion of neck. It is a metaphorical scene of obstruction of production sector. It is an extreme point in a production sector where production is hampered from normal flow of production. In a production sector bottleneck means lost production and lost profit e.g. the lowest capacity of production.

Bottleneck in production line

The lowest output point in production line is called bottleneck. The bottleneck area is where supply gathered and production goes under capacity. In the chain working systems the supply of an operator is the feeding of next operator. So, the minimum supply from bottleneck point will be the feeding of 
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What are Allowances & Different types of allowances which are used in garments industries?

Allowance:

The normal time for an operation does not contain any allowances for the worker. It is impossible to work throughout the day even though the most practicable, effective method has been developed. Even under the best working method situation, the job will still demand the expenditure of human effort and some allowance must therefore be made for recovery from fatigue and for relaxation.

Allowances must also be made to enable the worker to attend to his personal needs. The allowances are categorized as:

1. Relaxation Allowance: 

Relaxation allowance may be of two types:

Industrial Engineering ( IE ) for Apparel Manufacturing Industries.

INTRODUCTION

Due to the increasing labor wage in developed countries, the apparel manufacturing has been migrating from the high wage developed world to low wage developing countries (Bheda, Narag and Singla, 2003). Even though the labor cost is cheaper than in developed countries; due to the specific market nature of the garment industries for example: the short production life cycle, high volatility, low predictability, high level of impulse purchase, the quick market response; garment industries are facing the greatest challenges these days (Lucy Daly and Towers, 2004).

Garment industries in developing countries are more focused on sourcing of raw material and minimizing delivery cost than labor productivity because of the availability of cheap labor. Due to this, labor productivity is lower in developing countries than in the developed ones. For example, labour is very cheap in Bangladesh but the productivity is poor among other developing countries (Shahidul and Syed Shazali, 2011). Similarly, the cost of fabric is a major part of the garment so there
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Waste Reduction Techniques for Garments Industries.

Waste Reduction Techniques :
Some of the waste reduction tools include zero defects, setup time reduction, and line balancing. The goal of zero defects is to ensure that products are fault free all the way, through continuous improvement of the manufacturing process (Karlsson and Ahlstrom 1996). Human beings almost invariably will make errors. When errors are made and are not caught then defective parts will appear at the end of the process. However, if the errors can be prevented before they happen then defective
parts can be avoided. One of the tools that the zero defect principle uses is Poka Yoke. Poka-Yoke, which was developed by Shingo, is an autonomous defect control system that is put on a machine that inspects all parts to make sure that there are zero defects. The goal of Poka-Yoke is to observe the defective parts at the source, detect the cause of the defect, and to avoid moving the defective part to the next workstation (Feld, 2000).

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Work procedure of a Garments Dyeing:

1.1  Desizing: This process to remove the size material and increase the absorbency power of the fabric to make the fabric suitable for the next process is called Desizing.

Chemical Types:

 1. Detergent – 200gm

2. Caustic soda – 400gm

3. Water – 400 L

4. Hydrogen Peroxide – 600gm

5. Temperature - 70°c

What is Mercerized Cotton?

Mercerized cotton is a special kind of cotton yarn that is more lustrous than conventional cotton. It is also stronger, takes dye a little more readily, makes the yarn more resistant to mildew and reduces lint. It also may not shrink or lose its shape as much as "regular" cotton.

Mercerisation is a treatment for cellulosic material, typically cotton threads, that strengthens them and gives them a lustrous appearance. The process is less frequently used for linen and hemp threads.

Mercerization, the process by which mercerized yarn is made, is named for the British chemist John Mercer, who developed the process and received a patent for his work in 1851.

Mercer found that adding caustic soda (lye) or sulfuric acid to cotton made the fiber swell and straighten. No one was too impressed by that, but in 1890 Horace Lowe developed a process by which 

Basic requirements for good quality sewing thread?

Good tensile strength

Good tensile strength holds the stitched seam securely during wash and wear.

Smooth surface and absence of faults

Smooth surface and absence of faults ensures less friction between the needle and the material during high-speed sewing. The thread must be well lubricated to increase its sew ability and resistance to abrasion.

Classification of Sewing thread ?

Thread classification:

Thread can be classified in different ways. Some common classifications are those based on:

1. Substrate

2. Construction

3. Finish

1. Classification based on substrate

Natural

The usage of thread made from natural substrates is now minimal in industry applications. However, the most commonly used natural thread is cotton thread.

Synthetic

Due to the limitations of natural fibres, thread users have turned to threads made from synthetic fibres as they have desirable properties of exceptionally high tenacity, high resistance to abrasion and good resistance to chemicals. They are also not significantly affected by moisture, rot, mildew, insects or bacteria.

What is the difference between “Production” and “Productivity”?

What is the difference between “Production” and “Productivity”?

Writing By,

Nurul Amin Jibon

IE Executive (Mohammadi Group)

B.Sc In Textile Engineer

Primeasia University. Batch: 091

Phone No : 01687-201045

Production is Conversion of the resources to product which customers demand or the quantity produced within the given time.

Production = Output (Products or Services)

Productivity is the ratio and the relationship between used resources and outputs

Productivity = Output/ Input

Example 01 : A line of operators’ make100 pieces garments in a day. By improving the line balance

How to Measure Button Ligne in Garments Industry?

What is Button Ligne?

A button's ligne, refers to a button's size. The word ligne, is a French word that became the standard reference used by German button manufacturers in the early eighteenth century. Ligne is expressed as “L” which is the internationally recognized standard. Consensus at the time was that a "ligne" measured the inside diameter of a "round wick folded flat." One inch is equal to 40 English ligne, 11 French ligne, and 25.5 mm.

Measuring a button - When measuring buttons, we generally are referring to the diameter of the button.   A one inch diameter is called a 40-ligne, which can also be written as 40 Line or simply 40L.

Button Size Measurement Method in Garments Sector:

To measure the button size, we have to use ligne.

We Know,

1 inch = 25.4 mm = 40L

So, 1L = 0.635 mm

Button Ligne (L) = Button Diameter (mm)/0.635

Example-01:

Flow chart for garments dyeing ( Dark & Light Shade )

Flow chart for garments dyeing (medium / dark shade):

M : L = 1 : 8

Garments Load - 2 kg

↓

Level in water 16 liter

↓

Wetting agent 0.5g/l NOF (70° c × 5’)

↓

Normal Wash

↓

Leveling agent LDR (60° c× 5’)

FABRIC PRODUCTION & Difference Between Warp and Weft

INTRODUCTION:
Weaving is the name given to the interlacing of two sets of yarns, warp and weft at right angles and the fabric thus formed is woven fabric.The warp yarns are those yarns which lie in the length direction of a fabric while it is being woven.

The weft or filling yarns are those which, during weaving are introduced between the warp yarns,
across the width direction of the fabric. The warp are also known as ends and wefts as picks. The lengthwise edge of the fabric is called selvage (Self + Edge) Grain indicates a direction parallel to either the warp or filling yarn. The direction not parallel to either of these yarns is called off grain. Woven fabric will elongate most in a direction that is 45° to both sets of yarns and this direction is called Bias.

Fabric GSM wise required yarn count?

Yarn Count:

The yarn count is numerical expressions which define its coarseness or fineness

Fabric GSM:

‘GSM’ means ‘Gram per square meter’ that is the weight of fabric in gram per one square meter.

There are given various fabrics GSM and their required yarn count: 

For Single Jersey Fabric

Yarn Count	GSM (With Out Lycra)	GSM (With Lycra)
40/S	100-120	140-150
34/S	130-140	170-180
30/S	140-150	180-200
28/S	150-160	200-210
26/S	160-170	220-230
24/S	170-180	230-240
22/S	190-200	250-260
20/S	200-220	270-280

The American Care Labeling System?

According to the Federal Trade Commission’s Care Label rule, care labels may be composed of either words or symbols. Irrespective of whether the content is words, symbols, or both, care instructions appear in the following order:

1. Machine wash / Hand wash / Dry-clean

2. Washing temperature (hot / warm / cold)

3. Washing machine programme (delicate / permanent press / normal cycle)

4. Bleaching instruction (do not bleach / non-chlorine bleach / chlorine bleach)

5. Drying method (tumble dry / line dry / flat dry / drip dry)

6. Ironing (do not iron / cool iron / warm iron / hot iron)

The European Care Labeling System?

Individual committees of the European Union are reviewing existing care label standards by collaborating with other international bodies so that they can create a unified system under the ISO scheme.

The symbols used in Europe are trademarked by GENETEX and a trademark fee needs to be paid to GENETEX, the trademark holder, if the garments are to be sold in a GENETEX country.

A correct care label for European countries is required to consist of at least four and sometimes five symbols in the following sequence: 1) Washing, 2) Bleaching, 3) Ironing, 4)

Relation between yarn count and fabric GSM ?

Relation between yarn count and fabric GSM 

Md. Muyeed Hasan.

Marketing Executive.

Graphics Textile Ltd.

B. Sc in Textile Engineering

Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX)

Mail: muyeed.butex@gmail.com

Phone: +880 1764402661

Yarn Count:

The yarn count is numerical expressions which define its coarseness or fineness. And also indicate the relationship between length and weight (the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass) of that yarn.

Fabric GSM:

‘GSM’ means ‘Gram per square meter’ that is the weight of fabric in gram per one square meter. The GSM of fabric is one kind of specification of fabric which is very important for a textile engineer for understanding and production of fabric. It is essential to know the weight of the fabric before manufacturing and after getting the finished fabric.

Different Fabric GSM and Their Required Yarn Count:

What is Accessories ? What are the Differences between Trims and Accessories?

Introduction :

A Fashion accessories is an item used to contribute, in a secondary manner, to the wearer's outfit, often used to complete an outfit and chosen to specifically complement the wearer's look. The term came into use in the 19th century.

Fashion accessories are decorative items that supplement one's garment, such as jewelry, gloves, handbags, hats, belts, scarves, watches, sunglasses, pins, stockings, bow ties, leg warmers, leggings, neckties, suspenders, and tights.

Fashion accessories add color, style and class to an outfit, and create a certain look, but they may also have practical functions. Handbags are for carrying small necessary items, hats protect the face from weather elements, Laptops provide mobile connectivity and are used to increase work power and gloves keep the hands warm.

Differences between Trims and Accessories:

What is garments sample & how many types of sample used in garments ?

Sample

Sample is the prototype or model of the garments upon what buyer can decide on how and whether to confirm the order or not. In garments industry, this sample come from buyer and it is followed from bulk production called sample.

 Types of sample

1.      Photo sample: The sample is made for modeling, it is worn by the model on the event of shooting for catalog or it is used for fashion show.

2.      Sales man sample: The sample is made for market appraisal or marketing purpose then it is called sales man sample. It is made at the final stage of the order confirmation and actual materials

Import & Export Procedure For Merchandiser ?

Import Procedure:

The Export Import of Garments Products is a vital matter of a Garments company. It increases the opportunity for entrepreneurship development in garment sector. Thus it helps the unemployed people as well as the government to remove unemployment problem and also play an important role in the economic development of the country

1) Import License required: Graphics Textiles Ltd has import License will be necessary for import of any item but it is not needed to import goods.

(2) Import against LCA From: Unless otherwise specified, all imports transacted through a bank(L/Cs, bank drafts, remittances etc.) shall require LCA forms irrespective of the source of finance.

Marketing mix concept for a good Merchandiser??What is “4 P”??

The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for the product. The many possibilities can be collected into four groups of variables known as the “4 P”: Product, price, place, promotion. Mainly merchandising is a part of marketing process. There are required 4 P’s to complete the whole process of merchandising.

1. Product
2. Price
3. Place/Distribution
4. Promotion

1 Product:

Product means the goods and services combination the company offers to the target market. If we consider Section Seven garments their main product is readymade garments.

According to Graphics textile’s product part is described below:

Items: Men's, Ladies, Toddler And Children: T-Shirt, Tank Top, Tunic, Trouser, Shorts, Legging, Nightwear, Baby Bodies, Sleep Suite, Rompers, Jacket.Hody, Underwear, Cardigan & all kinds of knit garments & Knit fabrics.

What is L/C ? And different types of L/C? L/C procedure ?

Letter of credit is abbreviated as L/C means a form issued by bank indicating that the payment. Its play a vital roles in import and export business.

The importance of Commercial department is vastly. They have to make all shipping documents; Export and import follow up, purchasing foreign items, opening LC.

There are different kinds of L/C such as-

1) Revocable L/C.

2) Irrevocable L/C.

3) Confirmed L/C.

4) Back to Back L/C.

5) Revolving L/C.

6) Stand by L/C. 

8) Sight L/C.

9) Red clause L/C.

10) Transferable or divisible L/C

Irrevocable letter of credit:

Constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank; provided that the stipulated documents are presented the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with:

The full name of L/C is IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT which means once it is issued by the bank for the buyer and received and accepted by beneficiary(the seller), it cannot be canceled or