What is Mercerized Cotton?

Mercerized cotton is a special kind of cotton yarn that is more lustrous than conventional cotton. It is also stronger, takes dye a little more readily, makes the yarn more resistant to mildew and reduces lint. It also may not shrink or lose its shape as much as "regular" cotton.

Mercerisation is a treatment for cellulosic material, typically cotton threads, that strengthens them and gives them a lustrous appearance. The process is less frequently used for linen and hemp threads.

Mercerization, the process by which mercerized yarn is made, is named for the British chemist John Mercer, who developed the process and received a patent for his work in 1851.

Mercer found that adding caustic soda (lye) or sulfuric acid to cotton made the fiber swell and straighten. No one was too impressed by that, but in 1890 Horace Lowe developed a process by which 

Basic requirements for good quality sewing thread?

Good tensile strength

Good tensile strength holds the stitched seam securely during wash and wear.

Smooth surface and absence of faults

Smooth surface and absence of faults ensures less friction between the needle and the material during high-speed sewing. The thread must be well lubricated to increase its sew ability and resistance to abrasion.

Classification of Sewing thread ?

Thread classification:

Thread can be classified in different ways. Some common classifications are those based on:

1. Substrate

2. Construction

3. Finish

1. Classification based on substrate

Natural

The usage of thread made from natural substrates is now minimal in industry applications. However, the most commonly used natural thread is cotton thread.

Synthetic

Due to the limitations of natural fibres, thread users have turned to threads made from synthetic fibres as they have desirable properties of exceptionally high tenacity, high resistance to abrasion and good resistance to chemicals. They are also not significantly affected by moisture, rot, mildew, insects or bacteria.

What is the difference between “Production” and “Productivity”?

What is the difference between “Production” and “Productivity”?

Writing By,

Nurul Amin Jibon

IE Executive (Mohammadi Group)

B.Sc In Textile Engineer

Primeasia University. Batch: 091

Phone No : 01687-201045

Production is Conversion of the resources to product which customers demand or the quantity produced within the given time.

Production = Output (Products or Services)

Productivity is the ratio and the relationship between used resources and outputs

Productivity = Output/ Input

Example 01 : A line of operators’ make100 pieces garments in a day. By improving the line balance

How to Measure Button Ligne in Garments Industry?

What is Button Ligne?

A button's ligne, refers to a button's size. The word ligne, is a French word that became the standard reference used by German button manufacturers in the early eighteenth century. Ligne is expressed as “L” which is the internationally recognized standard. Consensus at the time was that a "ligne" measured the inside diameter of a "round wick folded flat." One inch is equal to 40 English ligne, 11 French ligne, and 25.5 mm.

Measuring a button - When measuring buttons, we generally are referring to the diameter of the button.   A one inch diameter is called a 40-ligne, which can also be written as 40 Line or simply 40L.

Button Size Measurement Method in Garments Sector:

To measure the button size, we have to use ligne.

We Know,

1 inch = 25.4 mm = 40L

So, 1L = 0.635 mm

Button Ligne (L) = Button Diameter (mm)/0.635

Example-01:

Flow chart for garments dyeing ( Dark & Light Shade )

Flow chart for garments dyeing (medium / dark shade):

M : L = 1 : 8

Garments Load - 2 kg

↓

Level in water 16 liter

↓

Wetting agent 0.5g/l NOF (70° c × 5’)

↓

Normal Wash

↓

Leveling agent LDR (60° c× 5’)

FABRIC PRODUCTION & Difference Between Warp and Weft

INTRODUCTION:
Weaving is the name given to the interlacing of two sets of yarns, warp and weft at right angles and the fabric thus formed is woven fabric.The warp yarns are those yarns which lie in the length direction of a fabric while it is being woven.

The weft or filling yarns are those which, during weaving are introduced between the warp yarns,
across the width direction of the fabric. The warp are also known as ends and wefts as picks. The lengthwise edge of the fabric is called selvage (Self + Edge) Grain indicates a direction parallel to either the warp or filling yarn. The direction not parallel to either of these yarns is called off grain. Woven fabric will elongate most in a direction that is 45° to both sets of yarns and this direction is called Bias.

Fabric GSM wise required yarn count?

Yarn Count:

The yarn count is numerical expressions which define its coarseness or fineness

Fabric GSM:

‘GSM’ means ‘Gram per square meter’ that is the weight of fabric in gram per one square meter.

There are given various fabrics GSM and their required yarn count: 

For Single Jersey Fabric

Yarn Count	GSM (With Out Lycra)	GSM (With Lycra)
40/S	100-120	140-150
34/S	130-140	170-180
30/S	140-150	180-200
28/S	150-160	200-210
26/S	160-170	220-230
24/S	170-180	230-240
22/S	190-200	250-260
20/S	200-220	270-280

The American Care Labeling System?

According to the Federal Trade Commission’s Care Label rule, care labels may be composed of either words or symbols. Irrespective of whether the content is words, symbols, or both, care instructions appear in the following order:

1. Machine wash / Hand wash / Dry-clean

2. Washing temperature (hot / warm / cold)

3. Washing machine programme (delicate / permanent press / normal cycle)

4. Bleaching instruction (do not bleach / non-chlorine bleach / chlorine bleach)

5. Drying method (tumble dry / line dry / flat dry / drip dry)

6. Ironing (do not iron / cool iron / warm iron / hot iron)

The European Care Labeling System?

Individual committees of the European Union are reviewing existing care label standards by collaborating with other international bodies so that they can create a unified system under the ISO scheme.

The symbols used in Europe are trademarked by GENETEX and a trademark fee needs to be paid to GENETEX, the trademark holder, if the garments are to be sold in a GENETEX country.

A correct care label for European countries is required to consist of at least four and sometimes five symbols in the following sequence: 1) Washing, 2) Bleaching, 3) Ironing, 4)

Relation between yarn count and fabric GSM ?

Relation between yarn count and fabric GSM 

Md. Muyeed Hasan.

Marketing Executive.

Graphics Textile Ltd.

B. Sc in Textile Engineering

Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX)

Mail: muyeed.butex@gmail.com

Phone: +880 1764402661

Yarn Count:

The yarn count is numerical expressions which define its coarseness or fineness. And also indicate the relationship between length and weight (the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass) of that yarn.

Fabric GSM:

‘GSM’ means ‘Gram per square meter’ that is the weight of fabric in gram per one square meter. The GSM of fabric is one kind of specification of fabric which is very important for a textile engineer for understanding and production of fabric. It is essential to know the weight of the fabric before manufacturing and after getting the finished fabric.

Different Fabric GSM and Their Required Yarn Count:

What is Accessories ? What are the Differences between Trims and Accessories?

Introduction :

A Fashion accessories is an item used to contribute, in a secondary manner, to the wearer's outfit, often used to complete an outfit and chosen to specifically complement the wearer's look. The term came into use in the 19th century.

Fashion accessories are decorative items that supplement one's garment, such as jewelry, gloves, handbags, hats, belts, scarves, watches, sunglasses, pins, stockings, bow ties, leg warmers, leggings, neckties, suspenders, and tights.

Fashion accessories add color, style and class to an outfit, and create a certain look, but they may also have practical functions. Handbags are for carrying small necessary items, hats protect the face from weather elements, Laptops provide mobile connectivity and are used to increase work power and gloves keep the hands warm.

Differences between Trims and Accessories:

What is garments sample & how many types of sample used in garments ?

Sample

Sample is the prototype or model of the garments upon what buyer can decide on how and whether to confirm the order or not. In garments industry, this sample come from buyer and it is followed from bulk production called sample.

 Types of sample

1.      Photo sample: The sample is made for modeling, it is worn by the model on the event of shooting for catalog or it is used for fashion show.

2.      Sales man sample: The sample is made for market appraisal or marketing purpose then it is called sales man sample. It is made at the final stage of the order confirmation and actual materials

Import & Export Procedure For Merchandiser ?

Import Procedure:

The Export Import of Garments Products is a vital matter of a Garments company. It increases the opportunity for entrepreneurship development in garment sector. Thus it helps the unemployed people as well as the government to remove unemployment problem and also play an important role in the economic development of the country

1) Import License required: Graphics Textiles Ltd has import License will be necessary for import of any item but it is not needed to import goods.

(2) Import against LCA From: Unless otherwise specified, all imports transacted through a bank(L/Cs, bank drafts, remittances etc.) shall require LCA forms irrespective of the source of finance.

Marketing mix concept for a good Merchandiser??What is “4 P”??

The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for the product. The many possibilities can be collected into four groups of variables known as the “4 P”: Product, price, place, promotion. Mainly merchandising is a part of marketing process. There are required 4 P’s to complete the whole process of merchandising.

1. Product
2. Price
3. Place/Distribution
4. Promotion

1 Product:

Product means the goods and services combination the company offers to the target market. If we consider Section Seven garments their main product is readymade garments.

According to Graphics textile’s product part is described below:

Items: Men's, Ladies, Toddler And Children: T-Shirt, Tank Top, Tunic, Trouser, Shorts, Legging, Nightwear, Baby Bodies, Sleep Suite, Rompers, Jacket.Hody, Underwear, Cardigan & all kinds of knit garments & Knit fabrics.

What is L/C ? And different types of L/C? L/C procedure ?

Letter of credit is abbreviated as L/C means a form issued by bank indicating that the payment. Its play a vital roles in import and export business.

The importance of Commercial department is vastly. They have to make all shipping documents; Export and import follow up, purchasing foreign items, opening LC.

There are different kinds of L/C such as-

1) Revocable L/C.

2) Irrevocable L/C.

3) Confirmed L/C.

4) Back to Back L/C.

5) Revolving L/C.

6) Stand by L/C. 

8) Sight L/C.

9) Red clause L/C.

10) Transferable or divisible L/C

Irrevocable letter of credit:

Constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank; provided that the stipulated documents are presented the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with:

The full name of L/C is IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT which means once it is issued by the bank for the buyer and received and accepted by beneficiary(the seller), it cannot be canceled or

Merchandising Process of a Garments Industry?

The Merchandising process with correspondence of buyers and merchandiser. In the very fast there is e-mail communication with the buyer. The buyers send a mail with the design specification to the merchandiser to prepare the sample and costing. Then the prepared sample and costing of the sample is sending to the buyer through mail. If the sample is approved by the buyer then it is the turn for negotiate the costing. After settle the price, the buyer sends contract and order sheet to the Factory and confirm the delivery time and way. During the time of confirming the order, the buyer opens L/C. The sample development and other important tasks of Factory are elaborately describe below-

Decision Making For a Good Merchandiser

Apparel export merchandising may be defined as ‘all the planning & activities involved right from the buyer  communication & order receiving till the execution or shipment of the order by fulfilling the following factors (Six Rights):

Right Merchandise: Merchandiser Retailers must fill their shelves with the merchandise that customer wants.

Right Place: The location of the merchandise is of prime importance since it decides the
accessibility. Much merchandise is seasonal in nature and must be on hand when it is most needed.

Right Time: Much merchandise is seasonal in nature and must be on hand when it is most needed.

Right Quantity: A profitable balance between volume of sales and amount of inventory is the desired goal.

Right Price: Merchandiser must arrive at a price that is high enough to give the store profit and yet low enough to meet the competition and customers’ expectations.

Right Promotion: Right balance between the investment and the appeal created for the customers.

Quality check to ensure quality product

In the garment industry quality control is practiced right from the initial stage of sourcing raw materials to the stage of final finished garment. For textile and apparel industry product quality is calculated in terms of quality and standard of fibers, yarns, fabric construction, color fastness, surface designs and the final finished garment products. However quality expectations for export are related to the type of customer segments and the retail outlets.

Here it follows: 

• Understanding the customers' quality requirements
• Organizing & training quality control department
• Ensuring proper flow of quality requirements to the QC department
• Ensuring proper flow of quality requirements to the Production Department.
• Establishing quality plans, parameters, inspection systems, frequency, sampling techniques, etc
• Inspection, testing, measurements as per plan
• Record deviations
• Feed back to Production Department

PRESSING TOOLS USED IN GARMENT CONSTRUCTION:

PRESSING TOOLS

Iron:

This keep an automatic iron handy for pressing fabric before cutting, during construction and after the garment is completed.

Steam Iron:

It has an adjustable temperature control, and is equipped with a thumb press for automatic steam. Distilled water is heated, and the resulting steam can be released with the thumb press while pressing.

Ironing Board:

It is used for hand pressing which is padded and of convenient height. One may use an

Garments manufacturing process :: Fabric cutting section

CUTTING

To fabric cut out pattern pieces of garment components as per exact dimension of the patterns from a fabric lay is called fabric cutting. It is totally different from general cutting in which exact dimension is not taken into account. The term fabric cutting is only applicable for garments manufacturing technology.

REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRIC CUTTING

The following points must be fulfilled in fabric cutting:

1. Precision of fabric cutting: Fabric cutting should be done accurately as per exact dimension of the pattern pieces in the marker. Accurate cutting depends on methods of cutting and marker planning. If manual cutting method is used, then cutting accuracy depends on sharpness of knife, skill of operator, and attentiveness of operator. Computer controlled cutting and die cutting have their self cutting accuracy.
2. Consistent cutting: Whatever be the cutting method used for fabric lay cutting, it should be ensured that the shape of the cut components from top to bottom lay are of exact size and

CUTTING TOOLS USED IN GARMENT CONSTRUCTION:

CUTTING TOOLS:

The following types of shears and scissors are made for both right-handed and left- handed cutting. All cutting tools must be kept sharp, clean, and grease-free for accurate cuts.

Bent-Handle Shears:

They are 8 to 10 inches long (Fig. 2b). They are used for cutting all types of fabrics. Shears differ from scissors in that they have one small ring handle for the thumb and a large ring handle for the second, third and fourth fingers.

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How to design at garments Sewing Station? | Seating Arrangement

Employees encounter several risk factors at sewing workstations, such as awkward arm, neck, trunk, and leg postures. These postures are influenced by the size of the worker and the design of the workstation. This section explains potential hazards encountered at the workstation and a general description of a proper workstation design.

• Chair
•  Table
•  Treadle/Pedal

1. Chair:

Potential Hazards: 

Workers often maintain awkward shoulder, elbow, and wrist postures (Fig. 1) while sewing because of improper chair height or position.

Employees must sit or stand for long periods in the same position, resulting in soreness of the back and neck, and/or buttocks, and reduced circulation to the legs.
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