Define soft water | What is water softening? State the name of method of water softening | Describe the base exchange process for softening hard water?

Define soft water?

The water which does not contain H CO3-, Cl-, SO42- salt of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Al3+ & form foam easily by reacting with soap is called soft water e.g. Rain water.

What is water softening? State the name of method of water softening?

WATER SOFTENING: To remove the impurities of hard water by some desirable process is called water softening.

WATER SOFTENING PLANT / METHODS OF WATER SOFTENING:

1.         soda lime process.

2.        Base exchange process (permutit).

3.         Demineralisation.

4.        Soda alum.

5.         Aeration.

6.        Chelation on sequestration.

7.         Calgon process.

Basic Weaving Operation

The machine used for weaving fabrics is a loom. Before weaving yarns intended for warp must pass through such operations as spooling, wraping and slashing to prepare them to withstand the strain of weaving process. These processes do not improve quality of yarns.

a. Spooling:


Yarn is wound on large spools, or cones which are placed on a rack called a creel from this yarns are wound on warp beam, which is similar to huge spool.

b. Starching:

These yarns are unwound to be put through a slashing or sizing bath. The slasher machine covers every yarn with a coating to prevent breaking during weaving process.

GARMENT MANUFACTURIGN PROCESS

1 Industry Background

The research is conducted in garment industry whose major products are Men’s formal shirt in various order size. The factory consists of central cutting department, 3 independent stitching lines and central finishing (packing) section. Generally, operators are responsible for the quality of individual work, even after that there is quality check (audit) at the end of each section (department) so that there should not be any defective parts transferred from one section to another section. The overall production flow chart of the shop floor is shown in Figure 3.

Layout Design And Assembly Line Balancing For Garments Industries

Layout Design For Garments Industries

Layout is one of the key decisions that determine the long-run efficiency of operations.Layout has numerous strategic implications because it establishes an organization’s competitive priorities in regard to the capacity, processes, flexibility and cost as well as quality of work life, customer contact and image. An effective layout can help an organization to achieve a strategy that supports differentiation, low cost, or response (Heizer et al., 2000, p. 336). The layout must consider how to achieve the following:

1. Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people.

2. Improved flow of information, material or people.

3. Improved employee morale and safer working conditions.

4. Improved customer/client interaction.

5. Flexibility (whatever the layout is now, it will need to change).

Knowledge about time studies & method studies for Industrial Engineering.

Time Studies

The classical stopwatch study, or time study, originally proposed by Federic W. Taylor in 1881, is still the most widely used time study method. The time study procedure involves the timing of a sample of worker’s performance and using it to set a standard. A trained and experienced person can establish a standard by following these eight steps (Heizer et al., 2000, p. 409-412).

1. Define the task to be studied (after methods analysis has been conducted).

2. Divide the task into precise elements (parts of a task that often takes no more than a few seconds).

3. Decide how many times to measure the task (the number of cycles of samples needed).

4. Record elemental times and rating of performance.

5. Compute the average observed cycle time. The average observed cycle time is the arithmetic mean of the times for each element measured, adjusted for unusual influence for each element :

Some Impotent Trams About Water Which Is Used In Textile Wet Processing?

##Why water is called universal solvent?

Water is called universal solvent, because the solvency power of water is very high & most of the solute of this world is easily dissolved in the water.

##What do you mean by water hardness?

Hardness is a term applied to water denoting a measurement of its pH & metal salt content. The presence of Ca & Mg salt i.e. Bi-Carbonates, Sulfates, Chlorides in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Ca & Mg react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.

Define water? Classification of water ?

Water:

Water is a complex compound. It is very important compound in textile wet processing. The total amount of water in the world is about 75%. Natural water is obtained in 3 steps. They are solid, liquid & vapor. Water has a un-comparable power to dissolve other compound. It is very difficult to obtain pure water in nature. Water is consists of two part Hydrogen & one part Oxygen. Its chemical formula is H2O. Water is converted to ice at 0°C & converted to vapor at 100°C the concentration of water is highest at 4°C.

 

Classification of water:

Classify water on the basis of hardness:

What is Difference between Fashion and Style?

Fashion and Style are two common terms which are now vastly used by the young generation, though they are totally confused about it, cannot differentiate between fashion and style. Just not this young generation, there are so many who still don’t know the difference between fashion and style. “Fashion is about dressing according to what’s fashionable. Style is more about being yourself” said by Oscar de la Renta.

What is Fashion?

Fashion is a very versatile matter and trendy right now, which is being featured in magazines, on TV and on the fashion runways. In another view, Fashion is also the newest creations made by designers, which are brought by only a few numbers of people. Fashion can be anything such like clothes, shoes, make-up and accessories etc which is being made popular

Objects & Advantages of Garments Washing

Objects of garments washing:

• To develop softness in garments: Size materials applied during manufacturing present in the fabric are removed which enhances soft hand feel. Additional softness may be attained by using softener.
• To introduce fading effect: Dyes or pigments are present in the fabric, used during coloration, are washed out locally or partially which result fading or worn out effects in the garments.
• To create new fashion: Washing Process of garments bring different outlook (faded, color tinted etc) thus creating new fashion for the new generation especially for teenagers.

Physical properties of textile fibers?

Fiber length

In physical properties the most important is the fiber length on which the quality of yarns depends. For cotton if fiber length increases the quality of yarns will be good, but this is just opposite for wool. In jute the fiber length is too long that sometimes the fibers are cut into small pieces.

If the fiber length is too small it is difficult to produce yarn. Yarn is impossible if the fiber length is less than 0.5 inch. Thin fibers produce thin yarn and coarse yarn is produced from coarse fibers.

There are two types of fiber on the basis of length:

1. Continuous filament

2. Staple fiber

Continuous filament